9yfGXCiQtazADW5OBVXN7bHMeWiRtyqPVZ7idffU6IEKQTBWUW1k57MnLs6hSN1NzqS1p1IN1eLE 1, A number of agencies of the U.S. federal government are conducting research on ecosystem services. B5jumUp8v6/YKupZBsLQx3UnBzjJhjH+s/8A89BSAfkpFe2xnTcu2wS+5hFj/F9T3V6/FsR8EuoS uuid:A40D61434C70E111B999E8B657885FF7 Ecosystem services (ecological services) are provided by nature and represent benefits such as water filtration, flood reduction, and drinking water supply. zO5UXVcHxu3+bf8A1T+RSDdRaCmWKSU+i/4tDHSsv/j+P7DUQsm9hu7A+OvgisXNhLfxSU8VTZWe “We really don’t know how much biodiversity is needed to sustain and fulfill human life.”. Adobe PDF Library 8.0; modified using iText 4.2.0 by 1T3XT %PDF-1.4 9r9TL9/SX1NEmrKymEAH/TOfzoPz1HMaobvVeqPxGCjErFuZbPo0uMNABj1LCJhg+88DVGEDIoJp ahJ9TOBo2Lep42P61jgXmrKZlVbSCWgvZbZXr2L6Z+5KO4VIaPYi/LN22+uloEllg3OAEgDkNg7S Regulatory services keep different elements of the natural world running smoothly. mN8+QXqSU6KgZH2D6kv9P6oYVkTtZa6OOLLCmHdBZ/8AOc/9x2f9uu/9IqT2ltq/5zn/ALjs/wC3 However, she says, “The aim is to design these investments in natural capital so as to advance human development and alleviate poverty at the same time. JKdFQMiav7bsHpers7bd0fgjqhl/lD/hv+klqpX+UP8Ahv8ApJaqV/lH/hv+klqrRf8Ayj/w3/SS Co4jJHjX67yY+BCcDop6jAwusYfSMTLDG9QxrMeuwNpG2+sFm6NjjtsA0GhB/klSDMLosRxtim1l The agency also has pilot programs in four regions of the United States enabling interested parties to project different resource-use scenarios into the future to help guide decision making now.13. rdmZ08kNa3a/FubaCYM7vXGOe3bd8UjgK0ZA8l1HIpzeo5eSyt9YsyaHllrSywFjcYGWkTy35phB For the second level of analysis, we tabulated the natural capital or value of habitat in the watershed provided by wetlands, forests, farmland, and open water. proof:pdf The value of ecosystem services typically goes unaccounted for in business and policy decisions and in market prices. The solution to ecological woes, many policymakers have concluded, lies in incorporating nature’s dollar value into decisions. The field has been boosted by the revolution in GIS (geographic information system) technology and so-called spatially explicit data: “We now have very good images that enable us to know the heights of plants and elevations of terrain, and really good sensors that show us what’s on the ground,” Polasky says. IHBfH4IJaHXrLn4TRbXsa21mwyDuBa/wSKQ4CCVJKdNjyzdH5wLTPmoGR6DoX1v+sHRMP7Hh1syM 1QzKpnZSxs8TDmDzUYNlcHxu3+bf/VP5FIN1FoKZYpJT1v1RrwremZDcnHtyHC0lvpe0gbWD6ZfW This is the Holy Grail.”. PDF | On Apr 1, 2012, David C Holzman published Accounting for Nature's Benefits: The Dollar Value of Ecosystem Services | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate Healthy ecosystems provide us with fertile soil, clean water, timber, and food. Estimate economic values based on costs of avoided damages resulting from lost ecosystem services, costs of replacing ecosystem services, or costs of providing substitute services. R9U6I7Itdn9PeKs7ad1joDbg0zXVa0MgtAJAePc3zTseUxRKILRxcj16y4t9OxrjXbWSCWPYYc0x NInWRH4qFe4nV8ZuP1KjOpjbmTj3tA+k5rX2VP47Brm/d4Kxy8+jHkGjxn+MlobhYYH+ld/1KnK2 AAAAAAABAAIDBAUGBwgJCgsQAAEEAQMCBAIFBwYIBQMMMwEAAhEDBCESMQVBUWETInGBMgYUkaGx Eh+ku6PYdMeP2fjN01pqPl9EBWWsd04fU8hlbtzmuDSGOkgxI3bePmkpZ4sx2OeGWZJLvoM9MEA+ The goal was to improve methods for evaluating those services and to establish an ecoinformatics initiative to pull together existing knowledge and gather new information in a format that interested parties can easily use. [email protected]. One hallmark of the history of civilization is an ever-increasing exploitation of ecosystem services coupled with substitution of technology for these services, particularly where ecosystems have been exploited beyond their ability to provide.2 Agriculture is a hybrid of exploitation and substitution that enabled people to live in greater, denser populations that drove further exploitation and substitution. LgWtG6QYOp2wT7exnvx5KtbI+a5Bf9qza3al3VC7z9uVT4doKm/goOt023NqOaMFzJDK3WvDdzwW SOMAKtFnUdHdmWuvsyhYXHcGMBbPl+jKUTKlaMMdvQse0WzkWxPstq3NMiNR6YRPGVaNz7f0H/uM Et76QlH5UTNFezovVWNLrMay7sxrWF2rnd4H5sN+5CijiCJ+LdXmNqdU+gvymVFj3S6XYzC3e4bR R9HbLdrdYjy0QkaCoiy8i4Xl5t2HYNoDY/c98CO8lqirRmtQxrHtfv8ApXOJAgw6IA8e7fxSU6Nn 7Jzv+5VX/b9qbxjsqlfsnO/7lVf9v2pcY7KpX7Jzv+5VX/b9qXGOyqS/W5pZ9T8xjiHFtNYJBkEh Taylor Ricketts, director of the Gund Institute for Ecological Economics at the University of Vermont, measured the productivity of bees as pollinators of coffee plantations in Costa Rica. NatCap is using InVEST to assess how many resource-intensive livelihoods—in farming, forestry, herding, and other fields—could be supported sustainably in a certain area under given practices, and to evaluate how shifting inhabitants to an alternative mix of livelihoods would impact natural capital and ecosystem services. NI++VSZHK+stbmV4me2t1jcW7dds5ZVYx7HvieGlzSfKVJhIElsxYfP7LccdXrvIDdmZmNts8RU2 The EPA is assembling a national atlas that can overlay visual information, like that used in Google Earth, with ecological and economic analyses to reveal variability in ecosystem service provision. It’s “the mother of all externalities,” writes Richard S.J. The natural functioning of coastal ecosystems is needed to produce and sustain the vital flow of various goods and services to humans. zW5l7K317zXl+nc5z3NeyvAsDXl0uOriFFKI4l0To0uoPbV1DL6g0tcce5gDeZPpMefu9JKB0CpC 1EE6IFkg8EgvUkp0VAyPsH1KcW/U/DcBJFdpAOsxZYmHdBaV92ZkWm0sfXMe2ttzW6eACmAAWo/1 If those forests were destroyed, that farm would suffer a 7% drop in productivity, he estimated. Geoengineering to mitigate global climate disruption in the face of increasing emissions, for example, is widely viewed as extremely risky, because the climate is so complex. 32H335GFcBxp6NbnR87EYiiFS2fQiwWe1wBAILQdYIOhhSsLB7Kmkw3VxmRyTAGseQSU5+T0Lp2T Impacts of biodiversity on the emergence and transmission of infectious diseases. f7jfuCVlVK9Kv9xv3BKyqlelX+437glZVSvSr/cb9wSsqpXpV/uN+4JWVUr0q/3G/cErKqSjBeav /HHu/nG87vH/AI4/kQkNEp+s24v2qxtLbRaHn1S4ktP9UC1qEAaUWrjZ12Jb6tMh0Ee4Fwg+Trii WS4FNHrn1t+svWcF2Ll0Nx8Z0Gz0antDgDI3Oe5+ko8FKeXt/m3/ANU/kRG6i0FMsUkp77/F3s/Z hs6iVBl1kvhoGq8AdMwRuG71A8t77b23Nn/pJdSu6PUdLdGBitjUU1H/AKLVZax3bhAsrLHlwnSQ H��VgTUW��9����"b;��Tb��QD���+Nb��e&�+F˨Y�����;�#�������nF��b���. Building on estimates of the global value of ecosystem services in 1997, a recent paper in Global Environmental Change by Robert Costanza et al.

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