Phenols react with benzoyl chloride in presence of NaOH, to form esters. Click on the switch of the hot plate to heat the water bath. To this add a few drops of chloroform and small amount of the given compound and warm gently. Take about 1 ml of dry alcohol in a clean dry test tube and add 8-10 drops of Lucas reagent. (ii) is not a good test on its own, since so many other reducible organic compounds will give the same reaction, though following it up by testing for a ketone gives it much more validity. Drag the dropper to the test tube to drop Fehling’s solution B into the sample. Treat the precipitate with 2 ml of conc.HCl. Drag the test tube to the small beaker to pour the contents of the test tube into the sodium hydroxide solution. HCl to secondary amine. Drag the dropper to the test tube to add glacial acetic acid to the sample. Drag the dropper to test tube A to add Conc. If cloudiness appears within five minutes. The solid residue is warmed with1 mL 10% NaOH then cooled and one drop of dil.CuSO4 added. Add excess of sodium hydroxide solution to the test tube. When aliphatic diamide is heated at a temperature above its melting point, ammonia is evolved and crystalline biuret is formed. Drag the test tube to the small beaker to pour the contents of the test tube into the cold water. Drag the dropper to test tube B to drop Lucas reagent into secondary alcohol. Then it is added to a well cooled solution of the phenolic compound in aqueous sodium hydroxide. This experiment can be tailored to the readiness level of the students in the class. HCl. Drag test tube B to test tube A to pour sodium nitrite solution into the sample. 1. You can see that the brown precipitate dissolves in dil. You can see the evolution of gas bubbles in the test tube. Filter the liquid into another clean dry test tube and to the filtrate, add 2-3 drops of acetyl chloride. Cork the test tube, shake and leave it for 15-20 minutes. Drag the dropper to test tube A to add Conc. Warm the test tube until the pellets dissolve. HCl. You can see the formation of a white precipitate in the test tube. Wait for 10 minutes to heat the contents of the test tube. Ketones reacts with 2, 4 dinitrophenyl hydrazine solution to give an orange/red precipitate of ketone 2,4 dintrophenylhydrazone derivative. Drag the spatula to the test tube to add sodium bicarbonate to the sample. Shake the mixture for about 10 minutes and then cool under tap water and note the formation of precipitate. Drag test tubes A and B to place them in the ice bath. You can select the functional group from ‘Select the functional group’ drop down list. ii) Substance is boiled strongly with 20% NaOH solution. It is cooled & then poured into a beaker containing excess of NaOH. There are two tests for determining unsaturation in an organic compound. Aldehydes reacts with 2,4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine solution to give a orange/red precipitate of aldehyde 2,4-dintrophenylhydrazone derivative. Take 1 ml of the given organic compound in a test tube and add a pinch of sodium bicarbonate to it. A little of the substance is heated first gently in a dry test tube followed by strong heating. Drag the dropper to test tube B to add alkaline potassium permanganate to the unsaturated compound. Drag the dropper to the test tube to drop Conc. You can select the amine form ‘Select the amine’ drop down list. These tests reveal reducing properties of aldehydes and carbohydrates. Place a drop of the given liquid (or a crystal if solid) on a moist blue litmus paper. They react with nitrous acid to yield alcohols and nitrogen (causes rapid foaming). You can see the decolourisation of bromine water. Drag the dropper to the test tube to add benzene sulphonyl chloride to the test tube. Dissolved a little of the substance in 5mL 20% NaOH solution contained in a boiling tube. HCl. Drag the dropper to the test tube to add chloroform to it. Click on the switch of the hot plate to heat the oil bath. Dissolve a small quantity of sodium nitroprusside in about 1 ml of distilled water in a clean test tube and then add a small quantity of the given compound. Dilute solutions of aldehydes when added to Schiff’s reagent restores its red colour slowly. Drag test tube B to test tube A to pour sodium nitrite solution into tertiary amine. The gas can be tested by a moist red litmus paper which is then turned blue. Two drops of the aldehyde is shaken with saturated solution of NaHSO3. An offensive smelling compound is produced. Drag the spatula to test tube A to add anhydrous calcium sulphate to the sample. sodium hydroxide solution. Drag the dropper to the test tube to drop sodium hydroxide solution into it. Take a small quantity of the given compound in a clean test tube, add about 2 ml of 25% NaOH, 2 ml of water and 1 ml of benzene sulphonyl chloride. Drag the test tube over the burner to warm the contents of the test tube. Amides are decomposed by NaOH to evolve ammonia. The anhydrides of aromatic 1,2-dicarboxylic acids on heating with resorcinol gives a dye fluorescein. Let’s discuss some important functional groups and their identification tests. In this test, the orange-red colour of bromine solution disappears when it is added to an unsaturated organic compound (unsaturated hydrocarbon). Drag the dropper to the test tube to drop the sample into it. HCl to primary amine. Drag test tube B to shake it well and dissolve sodium nitrite. At low temperature (0-5oC) aromatic primary amines dissolved in strong acids (HCl & H2SO4) reacts with nitrous acid (NaNO2 +HCl) to form water soluble diazonium salts. Add 2mL of cold diazonium solution to a solution of 0.1g 2 -naphthol in 2ml 10% NaOH. You can see a scarlet red coloured compound in the test tube. Note: Click on the ‘HELP’ button to see the instructions. Drag the dropper to the test tube to add ethanol to potassium hydroxide. Cool the solution & add 10% HCl solution dropwise. Drag the glass rod to the bottle to dip it in ammonium hydroxide solution and drag it again to test tube B to hold it over the mouth of the test tube. You can see the formation of cloudiness in the test tube after 5 minutes. Drag the dropper to test tube B to drop acetyl chloride into the sample. Distinguishing Tests for Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Amines. NaOH. Drag the forceps to the filter paper to take the dry piece of sodium. Drag the dropper to the test tube to add conc. You can see the formation of a red colouration. You can see that a pink colour has developed in the beaker. Dissolved a little of the substance in 10mL 10% NaOH solution contained in a boiling tube. You can see that bromine water does not decolourise. Now add few drops of 2, 4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine solution. You can see the formation of a yellow precipitate in the test tube. Systematically identify the functional groups in the given organic compound and perform the confirmatory tests after identifying the functional groups. To this add 3-4 drops of the given liquid (or 0.1 g if solid) and warm the test tube on a water bath for about 5 minutes. Cool and pour the reaction mixture carefully into a beaker containing 15 ml of dil. Take about 1 ml of neutral ferric chloride solution in a clean test tube and add 2-3 drops of the given liquid (or crystal is solid). Schiff’s reagent is a red solution of rosaniline hydrochloride dissolved in water which is decolourised by passing sulphur dioxide. In a separate test tube, dissolve a small quantity of the given compound in about 1 ml of conc. Saturated solution of sodium bisulphite in water, when mixed with aldehydes gives a white crystalline bisulphite addition compounds. You can see the formation of red colour in the test tube. Drag the forceps to the filter paper to place the sodium metal on the filter paper. Drag test tube B to test tube A to pour sodium nitrite solution into secondary amine. You'll want to be familiar with these groups because they will help you name compounds and predict chemical reactions and products. You can review them and learn them easily enough! Take 1 ml of the given liquid in a clean dry test tube (or crystal if solid) and add 1-2 drops of conc. The soluble sodium salt of aromatic acid formed from aromatic amides upon hydrolysis is regenerated as white precipitate in acidic medium. Presence of aldehydic group is confirmed. Take about 1 ml of the give liquid in a clean dry test tube, add about 1 ml glacial acetic acid and 2-3 drops of conc. Copyright @ 2020 Under the NME ICT initiative of MHRD, Brisk effervescence with the liberation of CO. Violet colour developed within 2 minutes. A little of the substance is heated with Conc.H2SO4 & Resorcinol in a dry test tube. Drag the dropper to the test tube to drop dil. Drag test tube B to shake it well for 5 minutes.

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