He regarded organisation as a structure of decision makers. Consensus decision-making process is followed. A system is a combination of several parts and each part is inter-related and dependent on each other. d. Bureaucratic officials are expected to contribute their full working capacity to the organization. It underestimates the influence of outside factors on individual behaviour. It calls for developing a pattern of inputs, outputs, feed backs, delays, and flows of materials and information. iii. They include a lack of creativity, monotony, and lack of mobility. Harmonizers − The one who limits tension and reconciles disagreements. The classical theory was found by the father of scientific management, Frederick W. Taylor. The next approach to organisation is known as the decision-making theory. It concentrates on both quantitative and behavioural sciences. A role is a set of expected behavior patterns attributed to the one who occupies the position demanded by the social unit. The theories of, or approaches to, organisation may be classified as follows: 2. Middle Eastern countries believed that the media coverage of modernization implied that the more “traditional” societies have not “risen to a higher level of technological development”. Modern Theory . The following theories stress using different styles of leadership appropriate to the needs created by different organizational situations. They have paid particular attention to organisational relationships between line and staff. This tends to lead to a situation of oligarchy, whereby a limited number of officials become the political and economic power. The systems approach looks at the organisation as a total system comprising a number of interacting variables. There are five categories of individuals in this category namely: harmonizer, gatekeeper, consensus tester, encourager, and compromiser. Specialisation and co-ordination are the main issues in the design of an organisational structure. Taylor mainly gave importance to shop level employees of the organisation. The neo-classical scholars used classical theory as the basis for their study and modified some of the principles for the study. With this large growth came the need for organizations and leadership that was not previously needed in small businesses and firms. These can be further classified into two sub-groups −. The concept of roles is applicable to all employees within an organization as well as to their life outside the organization. The functions are performed by different persons of different nature. In November 1924, a team of researcher – professors from the renowned Harvard Business school of USA began investigating into the human aspects of work and working conditions at the Hawthorne plant of Western Electric Company, Chicago. The company was producing bells and other electric equipment’s for the telephone industry. If the validity of the hypothesis is confirmed, this is a stage where a theory evolves. This model expanded the notion of relationship and task dimensions to leadership, and readiness dimension. Overall, the historical and social context in which organizations rose in the United States allowed for not only the development of organizations, but also for their spread and growth. 2. It is not a unified body of knowledge. One thing can be said that its concepts are still under the process of research. In this regard, Max Weber, Chester Bernard, March and Simon made their valuable contribution to the theory of management. Because of the communication it may not be the most efficient, but Weber would argue that improved human conditions are more important than efficiency. Weber was of the opinion that bureaucracy could influence the job behaviour of people in an organisation due to the formal rules and regulations of the bureaucracy in the day to day working of the organisation. Organization theories are mainly meant to deal with the organisational functions, at the same time, they have particularly no role to play in tackling the individual problems in an organisation. Person should be the basis of an organisation. The key to achieving this goal is through scientific discoveries and innovations. He also made proper rules and procedures to regulate the behaviour of personnel in an organisation. It was common for earlier theorists to distort Weber’s views, and today, people still make the same mistakes as they did when Weber’s views first came into play. Thus, the systems approach is concerned with the interaction between the different aspect of the organisation, people, technology, formal structure, the physical setting, and environment. They have sought to enunciate the principles, which should be used in designing this formal structure. Before publishing your Articles on this site, please read the following pages: 1. Initiator − The one who proposes, suggests, defines. The last wave of modernization theory, which took place in the 1990s, depicts impersonality. As organizations develop, they devour the smaller organizations that cannot keep up, but also allow for the evolution of innovative management and production techniques for other larger companies. The organisation is composed of individuals with different needs that can be studied and of groups of people who develop their own ways of doing things and their own code of conduct. Is it really a bad thing that Weber’s priorities were for the people rather than the company itself? Weber’s theory of bureaucracy claims that it is extremely efficient, and even goes as far as to claim that bureaucracy is the most efficient form of organization. The scholar most closely associated with Bureaucratic theory is Max Weber. His scientific management theory focused attention on performance of job only. iii. Security mirrors strength in numbers. Organizational Behavior Management. He separated technical and administrative activities of management to distinguish them as two separate activities. Division of work – The structure of organisation should divide and group the activities so as to enable the people specialize. As uses of newspapers, TVs, and radios become more prevalent, the need for direct contact, a concept traditional organizations took pride in, diminishes. Occupational specialization leads to increased productivity and distinct skill. Now we need to know how to mark a group as a well-functioning group, what features are necessary for a group to mark it as efficient. He saw bureaucracies as organizations driven towards certain goals, which they could carry out efficiently. The amount of relevant information possessed by the leader and subordinates. It complements the studies of organizational behavior and human resource studies.

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