Also nonmaleficence applies here as well, as researchers must consider whether or not their product will cause harm to the consumers and if an increased vitamin A and iron content in foods may have a negative side effect. With the world's population increasing at an alarming rate, especially in developing countries, there is a major threat posed to food security (Amofah 2014). Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. Desired rDNA strands are coated on the entire surface of either gold or tungsten micromolecules, which are then propelled towards a plant cell using a vacuum chamber for random insertion into cells. The ethical principle of justice, in regards to GM foods, is concerned with providing fair and equal access to foods. Therefore, those seeking more information about their food may believe that food labeling of GM products would respect their autonomy, giving them the opportunity to make their own informed decisions. Therefore, recognizing the need to incorporate GM foods or GMOs in the food supply chain has relieved them from paying such high prices for foods and well as concerns of food security (Dibden and others 2011). The first food industrial application was the development of the Flavr Savr™ tomato. This project directly relates to the ethical principle of autonomy, as the organization seeks to provide the opportunity for consumers to make more informed decisions about their food choices. The gene gun method involves bombarding target plant cells using gene‐coated particles of gold or tungsten (Hain and Don 2003). This paper also examines the relationship between the various applications of GM foods and their corresponding ethical issues. The term “genetic modified organisms (GMO)” has become a controversial topic as its benefits for both food producers and consumers are companied by potential biomedical risks and environmental side effects. As a consequence, the infected insects often die from starvation in a few days (Cranshaw 2014). Genetic modification technology for nutrition and improving diets: an ethical perspective. Most prevalent are (1) concerns surrounding the safety of GM food consumption, (2) the interference of the natural evolution of organisms, and more recently, (3) the potential benefits of GM foods increasing food insecurity (Weale 2010). Also, the runoff of agricultural waste from excessive pesticide and fertilizer usage can also contaminate the water supply, causing additional harm to the environment (Verma and others 2011). Genetically modified foods: A critical review of their promise and problems. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. While their advantages are conceivably numerous (that is, ranging from herbicide, pest, and weather tolerance to increased nutritional value to edible vaccines), GM foods are criticized because of their application. Gene technology enables the increase of production in plants, as well as their increased resistance to pests, viruses, and frost (Verma and others 2011). As evidenced by an average of 91% in favorable responses in opinion polls since 1992, an overwhelming majority of the American public supports GM food labeling (Wohlers 2013). The safety of B.t. From an ethical point of view, this policy may contradict the principle of autonomy, which in this context the ability to provide to those who want detailed information about genetic modifications made to their food products. Unfortunately, the Flavr Savr™ tomato received little economic stimulation and consequently its production by Calgene was discontinued (Martin 2013). Furthermore, insertion of rDNA into plant cells for industrial genetic modification primarily includes 2 prominent methods, which are the (1) gene gun method and (2) Agrobacterium method. Currently, investigators funded by the NSF have successfully introduced 2 of the 4 fish antifreeze genes into yeast and bacteria through recombinant DNA technology (NSF 2015). Weather‐tolerant and the development of new crops that can withstand inhospitable environments have been another advantage developed through the use of GM technology. Abstract. Approximately, 85% of corn is GM followed by 88% of cotton and 91% of soybeans all of which are now present in 75% to 80% of conventional processed foods in the United States (Center for Food Safety 2014). The researchers followed up by conducting a five-week longitudinal study with 231 undergraduates in the US to test, first, if … GM organisms as well as processed foods, and ingredients that are produced from GM plants or GMOs are required to all be labeled. A third technique also described by Kuure‐Kinsey and McCooey (2000) which was phage induction, incorporates a bacteriophage (that is, virus) in place of a bacterial cell, with the same principles as transformation. GM foods are perceived as a double‐edged sword in the food science community, the food industry, and by the public for the following reasons: (1) the need for transparency of the food‐labeling regulations and (2) the moral dilemmas affiliated with the concerns of tampering with “Mother Nature”; both of which are weighed against (3) the advantages of food biotechnology which are discussed in this paper. Other names for GM‐classified foods include the terms “genetically engineered (GE)” and “transgenic” (Bawa and Anilakumar 2013). We also introduce some recent technological developments in GM foods and their impact in the field. These standards have further influenced the development of the code of ethics established by AND and the Institute of Food Technologists (IFT) which are to be reinforced by all registered dietitians (RDs), diet technicians, registered (DTRs) as well as food scientists. The B.t gene is incorporated in the genome of corn and other crops such as cotton and potatoes enabling them to produce the toxin against the insects. In efforts to do no harm (that is, nonmaleficence) to the environment and the consumers, the benefits must outweigh the potential risks (that is, beneficence) of these new chemicals.

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