who was burned at the stake by the catholic church
Catholic leaders reflect on Church’s progress in light of organization’s allegations. SubscribeStart your Register subscription today. The current attitude of the Roman Catholic Church to Bruno is defined by a two-page entry in the latest edition of the Catholic Encyclopaedia. Lectures on the History of Philosophy by G.W.F.Hegel, Volume 3, pages 115-116, International Committee of the Fourth International, (http://www.knight.org/advent/cathen/03016a.htm). Most said it was not. His enthusiastic polemics earned the admiration of the most advanced thinkers of the period and the loathing of the Church, whose authority was being shaken to the core by learned assaults such as these. The works are in the form of dialogues, where Bruno's characters argue various philosophical positions from different points of view, one representing Bruno himself. His views were discussed in intellectual circles and the arguments presented in his various books give a flavour of the contemporary discussion. He produced three works on his return to Paris but was forced to leave after his challenge to debate all comers on the topic One Hundred and Twenty Articles on Nature and the World resulted in him being set upon by supporters of the Church. Four centuries ago today, on February 16, 1600, the Roman Catholic Church executed Giordano Bruno, Italian philosopher and scientist, for the crime of heresy. Rather than being a materialist in the modern atheistic sense, Bruno would be best described as a mystical rationalist/Neo-Platonist defender of materialistic monism. Bruno was burned at the stake in 1600 in the Campo de’ Fiori in Rome — but not for the reasons most people think. German philosopher Ernst Cassirer explained the significance of Bruno's conception of an infinite universe as follows: "This doctrine ... was the first and decisive step toward man's self-liberation. In the spring of 1599, Bruno’s trial begun and was given ample time to recant his previously held beliefs. Bruno was forced to return to France because of the decline in the fortunes of his patron, the Marquis de Mauvissiere, with whom he had travelled to England. He used his time as a novitiate to acquaint himself not only with the philosophical works of the ancient Greeks, but also his more contemporary European thinkers. In a peculiar twist to the gruesome affair, the executioners were ordered to tie his tongue so that he would be unable to address those gathered. He was a socially-maladroit metaphysician who mistook his feelings with science. He was finally condemned in January 1600 and handed over to the secular authorities on Feb. 8. Quoted in Giordano Bruno, His Life and Thought by Dorothea Waley Singer, 1950, page 176-177 9. In doing so, he rejected the limits of the Copernican system, which posited a finite universe limited by a fixed sphere of stars just beyond the solar system. Throughout his trials, Bruno took refuge in the principle of the “two-fold truth” or what moderns would call “talking from both sides of your mouth.” He claimed that the errors imputed to him were held by him “as a philosopher and not as an honest Christian.” This was a lie as he had already been excommunicated by every Protestant denomination, including all of the heretics thought were heretical, by the time of his arrest. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy clearly points out that Bruno wasn’t tried for his theological heresies. When Mocenigo realized that Bruno’s incredible memory was a matter of diligent study rather than “magic,” and thinking his money would have been better spent elsewhere, he falsely denounced Mocenigo to the Venetian Inquisition. So afraid were Bruno's printers that not one of them identified himself in the printed texts. As to Bruno being judged on his theological views, he was not only excommunicated by the Catholic Church but by the Swiss Calvinists, the German Lutherans and the English Anglicans as well. He is the editor of “Smoke & Mirrors,” the Net's largest e-zine for professional magicians. The Copernican system not only challenged the Church's cosmological views, but also the rigid social hierarchy of feudalism. These remarkable individuals really resemble the upheavals, tremblings and eruptions of a volcano which has become worked up in its depths and has brought forward new developments, which as yet are wild and uncontrolled. If the Church wanted him dead, why did it welcome him back into the fold and ask him to remain a priest? Northumberland had an extensive library of Bruno's works, which he made available to the scientists in his circle. He spent the rest of his life until his capture wandering Europe discussing and promoting his philosophical ideas. He opposed the stultifying authority of the Church and refused to recant his philosophical beliefs throughout his eight years of imprisonment by the Venetian and Roman Inquisitions.
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